) : Derived by integrating the Poynting vector over a closed sphere:

E-plane, H-plane, and Pyramidal horns used as feeds for satellite dishes due to their high gain and impedance matching capabilities.

: Focuses on the wave propagation aspects frequently cited in K.D. Prasad's curriculum.

The PPT (PowerPoint Presentation) full of "Antenna and Wave Propagation" by KD Prasad is a comprehensive resource that provides a detailed overview of the topic. The PPT covers a wide range of topics, including:

Space waves travel through the lowest layer of the atmosphere (troposphere) via direct line-of-sight (LoS) or tropospheric scatter. Because the Earth curves, the maximum line-of-sight distance ( ) between a transmitting antenna of height and a receiving antenna of height is bounded by the horizon formula:

The apparent height from which a reflected wave seems to return, assuming no bending occurred in the medium.

). It usually consists of a main lobe, side lobes, and back lobes. Radiation Intensity (

) features a sinusoidal current distribution that drops to zero at the ends and peaks in the center. , which offers an excellent match to standard coaxial cables. Directivity: 3. Quarter-Wave Monopole A quarter-wave monopole (

The Principle of Pattern Multiplication with Examples

A hypothetical, lossless antenna that radiates power equally in all directions. It serves as a universal reference point for measuring antenna gain. Directivity (

The principle stating that the total field of an array of identical elements is the product of the field of a single element and the array factor. Unit 4: VHF, UHF, and Microwave Antennas (Slides 46–60)